اصطلاحات درباره فراموش کردن یا به خاطر داشتن

حفظ کردن         By heart

به یاد آوردن      Come to mind

فراموش کار      Absent mind

قاطی کردن      Get mixed up

فراموش کردن   Lose sight of

به یاد آوردن     Bear in mind

اصطلاحات درباره نظرات و عقاید 

تا آنجایی که من میدانم    As far as I’m concerned  

دور چیزی را خط کشیدن       Draw the line at 

از لحاظ     In view of

چشمم آب نمی خورد     Take a dim view of 

مطمئن شدن      Make certain

تجدید نظر کردن    Think twice about

اصطلاحات درباره شخصیت ها

آدم خیلی مهم یا کله گنده             Big shot

آدم سنگدل            Hard-headed  

آدم کله خراب         Hare-brained

آدم سرحال  Live wire

آدم کوته فکر       Narrow-minded

آدم روشنفکر       Open-minded

آدم کله شق         pig-headed

آدم وراج           Windbag

British	Canadian	American
anywhere	anywhere	anyplace
autumn	autumn/fall	fall
barrister	lawyer	attorney
beeper, pager	pager	beeper
bill (restaurant)	bill	check
biscuit	cookie	cookie
block of flats	apartment block	apartment building
bonnet	hood	hood
boot (of car)	trunk (of car)	trunk (of automobile)
car	car	automobile
caravan	trailer	trailer
chemist	drugstore	drugstore
chest of drawers	dresser	bureau
chips	French fries/chips	French fries
chocolate bar	chocolate bar	candy bar
the cinema	movies	the movies
clothes peg	clothes peg	clothespin
coffin	coffin	casket
condom	condom	rubber
crisps	potato chips	potato chips
crossroads	intersection	intersection
cupboard	cupboard	closet
cutlery	cutlery	silverware
diversion	diversion, detour	detour
drawing-pin	thumbtack	thumbtack
driving licence	driver's licence	driver's license
dummy (for babies)	soother	pacifier

پدید آورنده : سالار قاسمی          انتشارات سپاهان

تهران خیابان انقلاب-ابتادی خیابان اردیبهشت

تلفن:۶۶۹۵۰۱۵۴- ۶۶۴۸۴۴۹۹

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Charles dickens

 A Brief Biography

English novelist, generally considered the greatest of the Victorian period. Dickens's works are charactericized by attacks on social evils, unjustice, and hypocrisy. He had also experienced in his youth oppression, when he was forced to end school in early teens and work in a factory. Dickens's lively good, bad and comic characters, such as the cruel miser Scrooge, the aspiring novelist David Copperfield, or the trusting and innocent Mr. Pickwick, have fascinated generations of readers.

Charles Dickens was born in Landport, Hampshire, during the new industrial age, which created misery for the class of low-paid workers and gave birth to theories of Karl Marx. His father was a clerk in the navy pay office, who was well paid but often ended in financial troubles. In 1814 Dickens moved to London, and then to Chatham, where he received some education. He worked in a blacking factory, Hungerford Market, London, while his family was in Marshalea debtor's prison in 1824 - later this period found its way to the novel Little Dorrit (1855-57). In 1824-27 Dickens studied at Wellington House Academy, London, and at Mr. Dawson's school in 1827. From 1827 to 1828 he was a law office clerk, and then worked as a shorthand reporter at Doctor's Commons. He wrote for True Son (1830-32), Mirror of Parliament (1832-34) and the Morning Chronicle (1834-36). He was in the 1830s a contributor to Monthly Magazine, and The Evening Chronicle and edited Bentley's Miscellany. In the 1840s Dickens founded Master Humphrey's Cloak and edited the London Daily News.

These years as a journalist left Dickens with lasting affection for journalism and suspicious attitude towards unjust laws. His sharp ear for conversation helped him reveal characters through their own words. Dickens's career as a writer of fiction started in 1833 when his short stories and essays to appeared in periodical. His SKETCHES BY BOZ and THE PICKWICK PAPERS were published in 1836; he married in the same year the daughter of his friend George Hogarth, Catherine Hogart. However, some people suspected that he was more fond of her sister, Mary, who moved into their house and died in 1837. Dickens requested that he be buried next to her when he died and wore Mary's ring all his life. Another of Catherine's sisters, Georgiana, moved in with the Dickenses, and the novelist fell in love with her. Dickens had with Catherine 10 children but they were separated in 1858. Dickens also had a long liaison with the actress Ellen Ternan, whom he had met by the late 1850s.

The Pickwick Papers were stories about a group of rather odd individuals and their travels to Ipswich, Rochester, Bath and elsewhere. Dickens's novels first appeared in monthly instalments, including OLIVER TWIST (1837-39), which depicts the London underworld and hard years of the foundling Oliver Twist, NICHOLAS NICKELBY (1838-39), a tale of young Nickleby's struggles to seek his fortune, and OLD CURIOSITY SHOP (1840-41). Among his later works are DAVID COPPERFIELD (1849-50), where Dickens used his own personal experiences of work in a factory, BLEAK HOUSE (1852-53), A TALE OF TWO CITIES (1859), set in the years of the French Revolution. GREAT EXPECTATIONS (1860-61), the story of Pip (Philip Pirrip), was among Tolstoy's and Dostoyevsky's favorite novels. The unfinished mystery novel THE MYSTERY OF EDWIN DROOD was published in 1870.

From the 1840s Dickens spent much time travelling and campaigning against many of the social evils of his time. In addition he gave talks and reading, wrote pamphlets, plays, and letters. In the 1850s Dickens was founding editor of Household World and its successor All the Year Round (1859-70). In 1844-45 he lived in Italy, Switzerland and Paris. He gave lecturing tours in Britain and the United States in 1858-68. From 1860 Dickens lived at Gadshill Place, near Rochester, Kent. He died at Gadshill on June 9, 1870.

Although Dickens's career as a novelist received much attention, he produced hundreds of essays and edited and rewrote hundreds of others submitted to the various periodicals he edited. Dickens distinquished himself as an essayis in 1834 under the pseudonym Boz. 'A Visit to Newgate' (1836) reflects his own memories of visiting his own family in the Marshalea Prison. In 'A Small Star in in the East' reveals the working conditions on mills and 'Mr. Barlow' (1869) draws a portrait of a unsensitive tutor.